Calcium signals the growth of plant roots and shoots and is crucial for the incorporation of cell wall components. A calcium deficiency may present as leaf curling, fruit cracking, or inferior root growth.

Humic and fulvic acids are natural components of soil that are produced from the breakdown of microbial, plant, and animal material. These compounds are vital contributors to soil fertility and work in the soil to enhance the growth and development of plants. They do this by enhancing the plant’s uptake of micro and macronutrients and by increasing the availability of phosphorus. Some evidence also suggests humic and fulvic acids play a role in protecting plants from certain environmental stresses like drought or cold temperatures.

Magnesium enhances root formation, chlorophyll synthesis and pigmentation, and regulates cell turgor or rigidity.

Boron is required for proper reproductive and vegetative growth. It is responsible for root and shoot growth and development, pollen development, and fruit and flower production. Boron deficiency first appears as yellowing of new leaves and can progress to the formation of thick, brittle branches and short stubby roots.

Copper is an essential metal required for proper photosynthesis. When used as a nutrient, only very small amounts are required, as copper may persist in the soil for many years. Copper deficiency affects young leaves and reproductive organs and worsens as soil pH increases. Soil without adequate copper content may cause light green or yellow leaves, reduced flowering, as well as malformed and/or necrotic leaves.

Iron plays a critical role in respiration and photosynthesis and is required for the proper growth of all plants. Acidic soils and waterlogged soils tend to have the highest natural iron content. Iron deficiencies are quite common and may lead to yellowing leaves and poor root formation. A certain level of iron is required for all plants in order to properly grow.

Manganese enhances the efficiency of photosynthesis, which boosts growth, yield, and quality. Manganese optimizes the plant’s usage of the three primary macronutrients. Manganese deficiency affects the chloroplast of the plant’s cells and results in severely diminished quality.

Zinc is crucial for the production of many plant growth regulators. It enhances yields, improves resistance to injury, and improves production of flowers. In zinc deficiency, growth may cease and plants become more susceptible to injury. Small, malformed leaves with necrotic spots and stunted roots are the characteristic signs of a zinc deficiency.

Seaweed enhances water retention and aeration, and protects against heavy metal stress. In plants, seaweed has been shown to enhance seed germination, plant establishment, and growth. Certain protective components have also been found in seaweed, suggesting a potential role in environmental stress protection.

Protein hydrolysates provide nitrogen to growing plants. Protein hydrolysates may also contribute to soil fertility, and both compounds have been shown to enhance nutrient acquisition by roots of treated plants.